p-Block Elements: Group 17 Oxidation states The general electron configuration of halogens is ns2np5. Hence, in most cases gain of one electron makes the octet in the valence shell. Generally, halogens have a universal oxidation state of -1. However, if the halogen is bonded to oxygen or to another halogen in higher electronegativity, then it … Read more
p-Block Elements: Group 17 Occurrence At room temperature, halogens have first two elements in a gaseous state, next in liquid and last two solid matters in which astatine is a metalloid. In pure form, these elements are found as diatomic elements. However, the pure form themselves are highly reactive. Accordingly, halide salts are the best … Read more
Classification of Polymers by the Mode of Polymerization The monomer molecules which are bonded to each other without losing the other atoms are the addition polymers. The addition monomers from the substituted alkene monomers or the alkenes monomers are the biggest groups of the polymers. Without the loss of any small molecules, ring-opening polymerization can … Read more
It is possible to classify the polymers based on their origin, either synthetic or natural. There are numerous polymers which are having different behaviors. The first classification of the polymers is based on their source of origin. The natural polymers are naturally occurring in nature or they are existing in the natural sources like animals, … Read more
Methods of Polymerization (Addition and Condensation) Polymers are the giant molecules and they are formed when the monomers are linked together during the chemical reaction known as the polymerization. Generally, there are two types of polymerization reactions, addition reactions, and condensation reactions. Addition Reactions In the reactions of the addition polymerization, monomers are linked with … Read more
Ethers are basically groups of ROR type of bonding. Where the R could be alkyl or the aryl groups respectively. The ethers could be of two types. The main two types of ethers are symmetrical and asymmetrical. The ethers as such do not have any nomenclature name. The nomenclature of ethers very from the type … Read more
Carboxylic Acids are one of the imperative organic compounds found in a wide variety of living things. The Carboxylic Acid is part of the amino acids and amino acids are the building block of proteins. We all have heard about vinegar. The carbonyl group attached to hydroxyl in a compound represents the Carboxylic acid. Various … Read more
Carboxylic acid is an organic compound that contains carboxyl group (COOH) attached to an alkyl or aryl group. Itreacts with metals and alkalis and generates carboxylate ions. These reactions indicate the acidic nature of carboxylic acid. Their acidity is higher in comparison to simple phenols as they react with weak bases like carbonates and bicarbonates … Read more
Electrophilic substitution reaction is nothing but the reaction in which an electrophile substitutes another electrophile in an organic compound. Electron seeking species are known as an electrophile. Haloarenes undergo electrophilic reactions of benzene ring. These are halogenation, nitration, sulphonation, and Friedel-Crafts reactions. We will discuss about them one-by-one, but let’s first understand the behaviour of reaction … Read more
p-Block Elements: Group 17 (Electronic configuration) Electron structure of the halogens Fig 1: Arrangement of electrons in the first three elements of the halogen family. Table 1: Electronic configuration of group 17 elements. All halogens have seven electrons in their outermost shell comprising completely filled s orbital and p orbital with 5 electrons. … Read more