Introduction to Abnormal Molar Masses In order to understand the the abnormal Molar Masses, firstly, we need to understand the total number of remaining particles after dissociation or association of molecules’ solute present in solvent or in the solution. To understand and study more about these abnormalities, the renowned chemist Van’t Hoff had discovered the … Read more
Osmosis is defined as the fluid’s diffusion via semipermeable membrane. When the semipermeable membrane (Eg like fruits’ and vegetables’ skin, animal bladders) divides a solution from the solvent, only then, the solvent molecules are in the driver’s seat to go through that membrane. Solution’s osmotic pressure is referred to the difference in pressure which is … Read more
Depression of Freezing point is a colligative property seen in the solution that is the result from solute molecules’ introduction to the solvent. Solutions’ freezing points are lesser comparative to pure solvent and is proportional directly to solute’s molality. ΔTf = Tf (solvent) − Tf (solution) = Kf × m ………(1) ΔTf = Tf (solvent) … Read more
As known, the liquid only boils when its vapor pressure equals atmospheric pressure. But in case of addition of non-volatile solute to the solvent, the pressure of the vapor is reduced. As to boil the solution, the temperature has to be increased additionally so that its vapor pressure is the same as atmospheric pressure. The … Read more
The definition of Raoult’s law says that the solvent’s vapor pressure above the solution is equivalent to pure solvent’s vapor pressure at the same temperature which can be measured by the solvent’s mole fraction, it’s represented as: Psolution = χ solvent * Po solvent…….. (1) Raoult’s Law Regarding Volatile Solutes Raoult’s law states that in … Read more
Colligative properties – a relative lowering of vapor pressure As per the definition, those solution’s properties which is dependent on solute molecules’ number, regardless of their behavior, w.r.t to total molecules’s number having its presence in the solution are defined as the colligative properties. For the solution, freezing point’s depression, relative vapor pressure’s lowering, … Read more
General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements: Copper Extraction Copper is a reddish orange bright metallic substance that is an excellent conductor of heat and electricity. It can be drawn into pipes and it is resistant to corrosion. The most common found copper ore in nature is chalcopyrite which is a mixed ore of … Read more
General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements: Aluminium Extraction Al is the most abundant metal in the Earth’s crust. It is a very important metal to be extracted from earth crust because: It is malleable It conducts heat and electricity Has lower density than iron yet stronger than steel Resistant to corrosion due to … Read more
General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements: Principles and methods of extraction and refining The earth’s crust contains metals and their compounds which are always mixed with other substances and impurities.Metals mostly exist as metal oxides or metal sulphidesas part of ores which are excavated from the earth. There is crushed then ground to … Read more
Surface Chemistry: Types of emulsions An emulsion is a colloidal dispersion of liquid droplets (dispersed phase) of a certain size within a second immiscible liquid (continuous phase).An emulsifying agent is crucial for the formation of an emulsion and for maintaining the emulsion’s stability to increase its shelf life.Emulsions are usually made by vigorously mixing the … Read more