Aromatic hydrocarbon – sulphonation In the sulphonation of benzene, a hydrogen atom attached to the carbon atom of the ring gets substituted by a sulphonic acid group. The attacking reagent is sulphur trioxide. It can be formed by the dissociation of the sulphuric acid. The sulphonation of benzene follows the following steps: The electrophile is … Read more
Generally, alkenes are easily oxidized with a large number of oxidizing agents. In the presence of oxygen, alkenes are burnt with a bright flame and produce water and carbon dioxide. Epoxides are produced by the catalytic oxidation with the per-carboxylic acids. In the process of ozonolysis, the reaction of alkenes with the ozone causes the … Read more
Chemical Kinetics: Activation Energy Molecules are required to possess a minimum amount of energy to undergo a reaction. In order to form products, bonds must be broken in the reactants. Bond breakage requires energy. Molecules that move too slowly, with low kinetic energy, don’t react when they collide. Activation energy, Ea, is the minimum energy … Read more
Chemical Kinetics: Concept of collision theory If molecules in a chemical reaction react at different rates there must be specific conditions that play a role in determining the rate.The rates of reaction are associated with the particles and their properties through a model called collision theory. Collision theory explains how changing reaction conditions control reaction … Read more
Chemical Kinetics: Integrated rate equations and half-life Rate law can be defined in two formats with the help of calculus. Differential Rate Law shows how the reaction rate changes with concentrations. Integrated Rate Law shows how the concentrations of species in the reaction change with time. Because the differential and integrated rate laws for a … Read more
Alkynes – the acidic character of alkynes Acetylene and other terminal alkynes are weakly acidic in character. They react with strong bases like sodium metal at 475 K or sodamide, to form sodium acetylide derivatives known as acetylides or alkynides with the liberation of hydrogen gas as shown here: These reactions have not been observed … Read more
Introduction of Aromatic Hydrocarbons Aromatic hydrocarbons are the hydrocarbons that have delocalized pi electrons and the sigma bonds between the carbon atoms in the form of circles. These are called aromatic due to their characteristic pleasant or sweet odor. In the aromatic compounds, the configuration of six carbon atom is known to make the benzene … Read more
Alkynes – chemical reactions The alkynes have at least one triple bond in them, therefore, they are quite reactive chemically. They readily take part in addition reaction and can also be easily oxidized, a few important chemical reactions of alkynes are discussed below: Acidic character of alkynes: Acetylene and other terminal alkynes are weakly acidic … Read more
These aromatic hydrocarbons are well known due to their exceptional chemical properties and their chemical properties are listed below. The aromatic hydrocarbons exhibit the aromaticity that is additional stability which is granted by the resonance. In the aromatic hydrocarbons, the ratio of carbon atoms to hydrogen atoms is high. When they are burnt, they display … Read more
Alkynes – addition reaction of alkynes with hydrogen, halogen, hydrogen halides and water Addition reactions: Like alkenes, alkynes undergo addition reactions due to their unsaturated nature. However, in alkynes, the addition occurs in two steps. In the first step, one molecule of the attacking reagent is added to the alkynes and its triple bond changes … Read more