Alkynes – physical properties Alkynes contain a carbon-carbon triple bond in their molecules. Alkynes resemble alkenes in most of their characteristics. Alkynes are of two types: terminal and internal. Terminal alkynes are those in which carbon-carbon triple bond is present at the end of the carbon chain. And the internal alkynes are those who contain … Read more
Alkynes – the structure of triple bond (ethyne) Ethyne is the simplest molecule of the alkyne series. In this case, each carbon atom is sp hybridized forming two sp hybrid orbitals. These two sp hybrid orbitals lie along the straight line and the bond angle between them is 180◦. The two unhybridized p orbitals are … Read more
Alkynes – method of preparation The alkynes are prepared by the following general methods: 1. The Action of water on calcium carbide: Ethyne is prepared in the laboratory as well as on industrial scale by the action of water on calcium carbide. For this purpose required calcium carbide is obtained by heating calcium oxide (from … Read more
Alkynes –nomenclature Alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons with the triple bond(-C). They are represented by the general formula: . Alkynes are named in the same way as alkenes by replacing suffix ane of alkane by yne. In higher members, the position of triple bond is indicated by giving numbers 1,2,3,4,…etc. to the carbon atom in the molecule. The … Read more
IUPAC is the International Union of the Pure and Applied Chemistry nomenclature, that is used as the naming scheme. It provides consistency to the names and gives a unique name to each compound which otherwise is not possible if the common names are used. In the chemical nomenclature, it is the systematic method for giving … Read more
Benzene is the simplest organic compound and an aromatic hydrocarbon. It is the parent compound of the various important aromatic compounds. It is colorless liquid and has a characteristic odor, and primarily it is used in the production of the polystyrene. Benzene is a carcinogen as it is highly toxic, and the exposure to the … Read more
Nucleophiles are chemical species that donate the electron pairs to make the chemical bonds during the reactions. All ions or molecules having free pair of electrons, or having at least one pi bond can act as nucleophiles. Nucleophiles are defined as Lewis bases as they donate the electrons. The word nucleophile means the nucleus lover … Read more
Organic chemistry – Homolytic fission and Heterolytic Fission of a covalent bond The Organic reaction usually involve making and breaking of covalent bonds. The fission of covalent bonds can take place in two ways: Homolytic fission Heterolytic fission Homolytic fission: In Homolytic fission, the cleavage of the covalent bond takes place in such a … Read more
All of the atoms are surrounded by the electrons which are orbiting around the atoms in the shells. Each shell should be filled by a specific number of electrons. When the shell is completely filled, the electrons start filling the next shells. If the outer shell of an atom is not completely filled it may … Read more
A carbocation is an ion that is associated with the positively charged carbon atom. The simplest examples of carbocations are methanium and the vinyl cations. Occasionally, some carbocations can bear more than one positively charged carbon atom e.g. ethylene dictation. Earlier carbocations were known as the carbonium ions. Carbocations are mainly classified in the two … Read more