Addition of hydrogen, halogen, water, hydrogen halides(Markownikov’s addition and peroxide effect) Addition of Hydrogen to Alkenes The addition of hydrogen to the carbon-carbon double bonds of the alkenes is called hydrogenation. Overall, it is the reductive removal of the functional group which has double bonds. This addition of hydrogen to an alkene causes the production … Read more
Alkenes have a double bond of carbon-carbon due to which the physical properties are changed. These are unsaturated compounds of carbon. These are compounds of hydrocarbons and they are odorless and colorless in nature. In the alkene group, the first three members are gaseous in nature, the next fourteen are liquids and the remaining … Read more
Aromaticity is a term used in the organic chemistry for describing the cyclic and the planar molecules which have the resonance bonds and exhibits the more stability than the geometric or connective arrangements in the same kind of the atoms. Aromaticity is the property of conjugated cycloalkenes that enhances the stabilization of the molecules. … Read more
For all the aromatic compounds resonance structures can be drawn. Resonance is the way to describe the bonding, in certain ions or molecules by the combination of the various contributing structures, into a hybrid structure or resonance hybrid in the valence bond theory. Resonance has the particular value to describe the delocalized electrons, within certain … Read more
Chemical Kinetics: Rate law and specific rate constant A rate law is an expression shows the relationship between the reaction rate and the concentrations of each reactant in a system. For any general reaction at a fixed temperature aA + bB → cC + dD Rate = k[A]m[B]n The specific rate constant (k) is the … Read more
Chemical Kinetics: Order and molecularity of a reaction Order The rate law shows an expression or equation which associates the rate of reaction to the concentrations of reactants at a constant temperature. The rate of a reaction depends on concentration while the rate constant is affected by temperature and the presence of a catalyst. The … Read more
Chemical Kinetics: Factors affecting the rate of a reaction Catalyst The rate of a reaction can be dramatically increased by supplying heat energy and/or increasing the concentration of reactants. However, heat gain is not always the best or the most practical thing to do. For example, suppose that you want to increase the rate of … Read more
Chemical Kinetics: Factors affecting the rate of a reaction Temperature Rate of a reaction depends on the fraction of “effective collisions” per unit time. Effective collisions are those with proper orientation and enough energy to overcome the activation energy Ea barrier. When the reactant particles collide with the required activation energy, they form an activated … Read more
Chemical Kinetics: Factors affecting the rate of reaction Concentration Concentration is the amount of a substance (solute) present in a given volume of solution. Therefore, a more concentrated solution results in an increased number of molecules that collide more, thereby increasing the rate of reaction. Most chemical reactions rates increase when the concentration of one … Read more
Chemical Kinetics: Rate of a reaction Chemical kinetics is the study of reaction rates, how reaction rates change under varying conditions (how fast reactants consumed, and products are formed), and what molecular events occur during the overall reaction (mechanism – pathway or series of steps for reaction).The reaction rate depends on the characteristics of the … Read more