Ionic Equilibrium: Henderson-Hasselbach Equation The shape that weak acid takes in the titration curve when reacted with a weak base can be predicted using the Henderson-Hasselbach equation. The Henderson Hasselbalch equation comes from solving a generic acid problem where both an acid and its conjugate base are present. You can use this equation to solve … Read more
Equilibrium: Concept of pH The pH of a solution is used to measure how acidic or basic a solution is. A solution that has a pH value of exactly 7 is neutral—neither acidic nor basic. A solution is basic when pH > 7 and acidic when pH <7. Bases contribute OH– ions when they dissociate … Read more
Equilibrium: Acid strength The ionic power of a strong electrolyte consists solely of singly charged ions is identical with its completely total molar salt concentration. More the ionic strength of a solution, the maximum is the charge in the ionic atmospheres. Strong and weak in this context are used to understand the capability of a … Read more
Equilibrium: Ionization of a polybasic acid A polybasic acid or polyprotic acid is a type of acid that has more than one replaceable hydrogen atoms. This means that the acid can form more than one ionizable ion per molecule. Recall that an acid is a proton donor. The general formula for a dibasic acid: H2A … Read more
Take an example of a diamond and a few cotton candy. Are these substances identical, do you think so? They are dissimilar in so many aspects, and still, they both are solids. What’s the difference between is the arrangement and structure of the particles of amorphous and crystalline solids. So, now let us learn about … Read more
Covalent Network Solids Covalent solids are composed by a series or chain or network of atoms or molecules which together held by covalent bonds. An ideal individual crystal of covalent solid is hence one single huge molecule. For instance, the diamond structure is shown in part (a) of Fig. 1, which contains sp3 hybridization of … Read more
Ionic solids refers to the constituent particles which are ions. These solids are formed as a result of 3-D arrangement of anions and cations. The forces acting between anions and cations are electrostatic forces or coulomb’s forces of attraction. These forces exhibit strong nature. Eg: In NaCl compound, Na+ is called cation and Cl- as … Read more
Molecular Solids Referring to molecular solids, matters’ elementary particles are molecules. Molecules exist as they are firmly packed and arranged to give rise to the formation of molecular solid. Moreover, molecular solids are separated into 3 basic categories as per the molecules’ nature: Polar Molecular Solids Non-polar Molecular Solids Hydrogen-Bonded Molecular Solids Polar Molecular … Read more
Acid Rain, broadly known as acid precipitation is caused due to emissions of Sulphur dioxide or nitrogen oxides in the air. When the sulphur dioxide gets mixed with water it forms sulphuric acid and sulphurous acid which is toxic by nature. The nitrogen oxides form Nitric acid which is equally damaging. When these harmful emissions … Read more
When you glance at the influences of air, water, and soil pollution, then it becomes a need to eradicate or at least reduce the atmospheric pollution which is affecting us all. The reason for pollution is the release of waste materials and improper disposal. So, effective measures should be followed and everyone should take the … Read more