Sodium hydroxide is also known as caustic soda. Its chemical formula is NaOH. Preparation of sodium hydroxide: Sodium hydroxide is manufactured by the electrolysis of a saturated solution of sodium chloride in the following type of cells. Mercury cathode cell or Castner Kellner cell: this cell consists of a rectangular iron tank in which … Read more
Sodium hydrogen carbonate is also known as sodium bicarbonate and baking soda. Its chemical formula is Preparation of sodium hydrogen carbonate: It is obtained as an intermediate product in Solvay’s process for the manufacture of sodium carbonate. In the Solvay’s process, carbon dioxide, water, ammonia, and brine solution in its concentrated form are used … Read more
Typically, the atomic radius is measured as half of the distance between the nuclei of the two bonded atoms. Groups in the periodic table are just like the vertical columns and by moving down the group the principal quantum number is increased by one. It means that energy levels are filled by the electrons … Read more
Sodium carbonate is also known as washing soda. Its chemical formula is $Na_{2}CO_{3}.10H_{2}O$. Preparation of sodium carbonate: sodium carbonate is mainly prepared commercially by Solvay process or ammonia-soda process. A Simple process of sodium carbonate preparation is shown below: $2NaCl+CaCO_{3} \to Na_{2}CO_{3}+ CaCl_{2}$ The reaction shown above is reversible and creates other problems in the system. … Read more
Preparation of sodium chloride: As we all know sea water is the major source of sodium chloride. Sodium chloride is an ionic solution between sodium and chloride. Seawater contains about 2.7-2.9% of sodium chloride. It is mainly responsible for the salinity of the water. It is also known as common salt. In tropical countries like … Read more
Calcium carbonate, one of the popular chemicals is encountered by us first in the classrooms in the form of chalk (form of CaCO3). It occurs naturally in minerals, chalk, marble, limestone, calcite, shells, pearl, etc. It is a white insoluble powder-like substance which is found in earth’s crust. It is prepared by passing carbon dioxide gas through … Read more
The ionization enthalpy of the elements is the amount of energy that is required by an isolated gaseous atom for losing an electron in its ground state. When atoms lose the electrons then it causes the formation of positive ions (cations). The first ionization energy of an element is the energy required by the … Read more
The diagonal relationship exists between the certain pairs of diagonally adjacent elements in the second and third periods of the periodic table. These pairs (Be & Al, Li & Mg, B & Si, etc.) exhibits the same properties. For example, silicon and boron, both of them are semiconductors and they have acidic oxides and form … Read more
Hydrides are the compounds of hydrogen with less electronegative elements. Hydrogen reacts with many elements and forms the hydrides; however, it does not react with the noble gases. Hydride is anion of the hydrogen. Types of Hydrides Depending on the type of chemical bonding, hydrides are divided into categories such as ionic hydrides, covalent … Read more
Anomalous Properties of the First Elements of Group I and Group II The first elements in group I and group II of the periodic table greatly vary in their properties and characteristics from the other members of their groups. In this article, the anomalous properties of hydrogen and beryllium will be discussed. Anomalous Properties of … Read more