The atomic theory has evolved with the discovery of electrons, protons and neutrons and incorporated dual behavior of matter to propose a quantum mechanical model. An important section of this theory is the placement of electrons that surround the nucleus. Figure 1: Evolution of atom from Billard ball model (1804), Plum pudding model (1897), Rutherford … Read more
Orbitals in the same subshell are called degenerate orbitals and in these orbitals, electrons are filled in such a way that the pairing of electrons occurs only after each of the degenerate orbitals (same energy) occupies one electron. This is the Hund’s Rule of maximum multiplicity which also emphasize that the unpaired electrons present in … Read more
The concept of electronic configuration provides several attributes of an atom, such as the shape and energy of its orbitals that are responsible for characteristic properties of each element. It also provides an insight towards how chemical bonds are formed between atoms. This notation presents the energy levels, orbitals and the number of the electron … Read more
The atomic configuration can be defined by four quantum numbers (n, l, ml, ms) where ‘n’ is the principal quantum number, ‘l’ is the angular/orbital quantum number, ml is the magnetic quantum number and finally ‘ms’ is the electron spin quantum number. While ‘n’ denotes the number of electron shell i.e 1,2,3 and so on, … Read more
Compounds are made up of different elements and each has own chemical identity, so, the use of chemical formulas is considered as most succinct way to represent the elemental makeup. Empirical Formula It is formula which gives simples ratio of whole numbers of atoms in any given compound. It gives the composition of elements … Read more
Percentage Composition The percentage composition of any given compound is ratio of amount of every element to total amount of all elements present in compound. Then this value is multiplied by 100. This is mainly used to measure quantity in the terms of grams of elements which are present in solution. In general percentage composition … Read more
Elements An Element is defined as a material which cannot be changed or broken down into another substance using chemical means. It is a basic chemical building block of matter. It is made up of entirely from one type of atom. Atoms of the same element have the same atomic number or Z. For example, the hydrogen … Read more
Chemical bonding is an integral part of any chemical reaction between two different elements. Atoms combine to attain stability. Formation of bonds is certainly important for the combination to take place. There are several different types of bonds that include electrovalent or ionic bonds, coordinate bonds and covalent bonds. Each bond is known to have … Read more
As the covalent bond progresses ionic nature because of the electronegativity differences of atoms which are bonded (atoms having chemical bonds), even the ionic bond progresses covalent nature as explained below: Distortion of the electron cloud of anion When the charged ions of opposite nature come close to each other, the positive ion likely to … Read more
The ones prevailing on the outer shell of the nucleus of an atom are called valence electrons. Valence electrons are generally helpful to provide a deeper insight into the chemical properties of any element. Irrespective of them being electropositive or electronegative, they will let you have the idea of the bond order for a specific … Read more