The spherical mirrors are having the shape of a piece that is cut out of the spherical surface. The convex and concave mirrors are well-known examples of spherical mirrors. Makeup mirrors are the most common examples of concave mirrors. The term converging mirrors is also used for the concave mirror. These mirrors are known for … Read more
The mirror formula can be defined as a formula that describes the relationship between the distance of object u, a distance of image v, and the focal length of the mirror. The mirror formula is applicable for both spherical mirrors and plane mirrors. In mathematic form, it can be written as follows. When an object … Read more
When a ray of light is falling on any object either it is shiny, smooth, or polished, the light from that object bounces back these light rays into the eyes, and this is known as a reflection of light. This is the most important phenomenon as it allows us to look around the world. For … Read more
The equation relating to the distance of the object, focal length, and distance of image is known as lens formula. A common Gaussian form of thin lens formula is given below. The cartesian sign convention is also used due to its advantages with the more complex optical instruments and multiple lens systems. Both these forms … Read more
Lens maker’s formula is used by the lens manufacturers, for manufacturing of the lenses having the desired focal length. For different optical instruments, lenses having different focal lengths are used. The focal length of the lens is dependent on the radii of curvature and the refractive index of the lens. The lens maker’s equation is … Read more
If a piece of transparent material or glass is given an appropriate shape, and if it is made possible that the parallel incident rays can either converge to a point, or they can diverge from the point. The piece of glass that is having such properties and shape is known as the lens. Merely, a … Read more
Optical fiber is a device that is working on the principle of total internal reflection and is used for transmission of signals, with negligible loss of energy. The optical fiber consists of a thin fiber of glass, silica, or plastic, having a high refractive index known as the core. The diameter of the core is … Read more
Refraction is a bending of the wave when it is entering the medium where the speed is different. The refraction of light when it is passing from the faster medium to a slower medium, bends the light ray towards the normal, to the boundary between these two media. The amount of bending is dependent on … Read more
Let consider the light at a spherical surface, and assume a traveling from the region of smaller refractive index to the region of higher refractive index, so that there is no possibility of total internal reflection. Consider a convex and circular body, having the center of curvature O and radius R, placed between two different … Read more
The magnets which do not lose their magnetic field are known as permanent magnets. The good permanent magnets have a high magnetic field and low mass. They are highly stable against demagnetizing influences. Magnetism is an important aspect of the electromagnetic force that is a fundamental force in the physical universe. A permanent magnet is … Read more